Question 2) What is the advantage of WaitSuite?
I. It will help the user to learn and test their vocabulary.
II. It will help the user to leverage their idle moments by a practice that its developers call “wait-learning.”
III. It will be helpful in learning things like math, medical terms or legal jargon.
Direction: Read the passage carefully and choose the best answer to each question out of the four alternatives:
Hyper-connectivity has changed the way we communicate, wait, and productively use our time. There are countless moments throughout the day when we’re waiting for messages, texts and Snapchats to refresh. To help us make the most of these “micro-moments,” researchers have developed a series of apps called “WaitSuite” that test you on vocabulary words during idle moments. Building on micro-learning apps like Duolingo, WaitSuite aims to leverage moments when a person wouldn’t otherwise be doing anything — a practice that its developers call “wait-learning.” WaitSuite covers five common daily tasks: waiting for WiFi to connect, emails to push through, instant messages to be received, an elevator to come, or content on your phone to load. WaitSuite could also be used for learning things like math, medical terms or legal jargon. In the future, the team hopes to test other formats for micro-learning, like audio for on-the-go users.
A) Only I
B) Only III
C) Both I and III
D) All I, II, III

Question 3) Which is not a daily task covered under Waitsuite?
Direction: Read the passage carefully and choose the best answer to each question out of the four alternatives:
Hyper-connectivity has changed the way we communicate, wait, and productively use our time. There are countless moments throughout the day when we’re waiting for messages, texts and Snapchats to refresh. To help us make the most of these “micro-moments,” researchers have developed a series of apps called “WaitSuite” that test you on vocabulary words during idle moments. Building on micro-learning apps like Duolingo, WaitSuite aims to leverage moments when a person wouldn’t otherwise be doing anything — a practice that its developers call “wait-learning.” WaitSuite covers five common daily tasks: waiting for WiFi to connect, emails to push through, instant messages to be received, an elevator to come, or content on your phone to load. WaitSuite could also be used for learning things like math, medical terms or legal jargon. In the future, the team hopes to test other formats for micro-learning, like audio for on-the-go users.
A) When you’re waiting for your phone to connect to WiFi.
B) When you’re waiting for an instant message.
C) When you’re waiting for your phone to charge fully.
D) When you’re waiting for an elevator to come.

Question 4) Where did the dog find the bone?
Direction: Read the passage carefully and choose the best answer to each question out of the four alternatives.
Once there lived a dog. He was very greedy. There were many times that he had to pay for his greed. Each time the dog promised himself, “I have learnt my lesson. Now I will never be greedy again.” But he soon forgot his promises and was as greedy as ever.
One afternoon, the dog was terribly hungry. He decided to go look for something to eat. Just outside his house, there was a bridge. “I will go and look for food on the other side of the bridge. The food there is definitely better,” he thought to himself. He walked across the wooden bridge and started sniffing around for food. Suddenly, he spotted a bone lying at a distance. “Ah, I am in luck. This looks a delicious bone,” he said.
Without wasting any time, the hungry dog picked up the bone and was just about to eat it, when he thought, “Somebody might see here with this bone and then I will have to share it with them. So, I had better go home and eat it.” Holding the bone in his mouth, he ran towards his house.
While crossing the wooden bridge, the dog looked down into the river. There he saw his own reflection. The foolish dog mistook it for another dog. “There is another dog in the water with bone in its mouth,” he thought. Greedy, as he was, he thought, “How nice it would be to snatch that piece of bone as well. Then, I will have two bones.”
So, the greedy dog looked at his reflection and growled. The reflection growled back, too. This made the dog angry. He looked down at his reflection and barked, “Woof! Woof!” As he opened his mouth, the bone in his mouth fell into the river. It was only when the water splashed that the greedy dog realized that what he had seen was nothing but his own reflections and not another dog. But it was too late. He had lost the piece of bone because of his greed. Now he had to go hungry.
A) In front of his house
B) Across the bridge in the distance
C) Very far away from his home
D) He did not find any bone

Question 5) How many dogs are there in the above story?
Direction: Read the passage carefully and choose the best answer to each question out of the four alternatives.
Once there lived a dog. He was very greedy. There were many times that he had to pay for his greed. Each time the dog promised himself, “I have learnt my lesson. Now I will never be greedy again.” But he soon forgot his promises and was as greedy as ever.
One afternoon, the dog was terribly hungry. He decided to go look for something to eat. Just outside his house, there was a bridge. “I will go and look for food on the other side of the bridge. The food there is definitely better,” he thought to himself. He walked across the wooden bridge and started sniffing around for food. Suddenly, he spotted a bone lying at a distance. “Ah, I am in luck. This looks a delicious bone,” he said.
Without wasting any time, the hungry dog picked up the bone and was just about to eat it, when he thought, “Somebody might see here with this bone and then I will have to share it with them. So, I had better go home and eat it.” Holding the bone in his mouth, he ran towards his house.
While crossing the wooden bridge, the dog looked down into the river. There he saw his own reflection. The foolish dog mistook it for another dog. “There is another dog in the water with bone in its mouth,” he thought. Greedy, as he was, he thought, “How nice it would be to snatch that piece of bone as well. Then, I will have two bones.”
So, the greedy dog looked at his reflection and growled. The reflection growled back, too. This made the dog angry. He looked down at his reflection and barked, “Woof! Woof!” As he opened his mouth, the bone in his mouth fell into the river. It was only when the water splashed that the greedy dog realized that what he had seen was nothing but his own reflections and not another dog. But it was too late. He had lost the piece of bone because of his greed. Now he had to go hungry.
A) 2
B) 1
C) 3
D) None

Question 6) What best describes the character of the dog?
Direction: Read the passage carefully and choose the best answer to each question out of the four alternatives.
Once there lived a dog. He was very greedy. There were many times that he had to pay for his greed. Each time the dog promised himself, “I have learnt my lesson. Now I will never be greedy again.” But he soon forgot his promises and was as greedy as ever.
One afternoon, the dog was terribly hungry. He decided to go look for something to eat. Just outside his house, there was a bridge. “I will go and look for food on the other side of the bridge. The food there is definitely better,” he thought to himself. He walked across the wooden bridge and started sniffing around for food. Suddenly, he spotted a bone lying at a distance. “Ah, I am in luck. This looks a delicious bone,” he said.
Without wasting any time, the hungry dog picked up the bone and was just about to eat it, when he thought, “Somebody might see here with this bone and then I will have to share it with them. So, I had better go home and eat it.” Holding the bone in his mouth, he ran towards his house.
While crossing the wooden bridge, the dog looked down into the river. There he saw his own reflection. The foolish dog mistook it for another dog. “There is another dog in the water with bone in its mouth,” he thought. Greedy, as he was, he thought, “How nice it would be to snatch that piece of bone as well. Then, I will have two bones.”
So, the greedy dog looked at his reflection and growled. The reflection growled back, too. This made the dog angry. He looked down at his reflection and barked, “Woof! Woof!” As he opened his mouth, the bone in his mouth fell into the river. It was only when the water splashed that the greedy dog realized that what he had seen was nothing but his own reflections and not another dog. But it was too late. He had lost the piece of bone because of his greed. Now he had to go hungry.
A) He was very smart and brave
B) He was very greedy and foolish
C) He was intelligent
D) He was very kind

Question 7) What did the dog think after seeing his image in the water?
Direction: Read the passage carefully and choose the best answer to each question out of the four alternatives.
Once there lived a dog. He was very greedy. There were many times that he had to pay for his greed. Each time the dog promised himself, “I have learnt my lesson. Now I will never be greedy again.” But he soon forgot his promises and was as greedy as ever.
One afternoon, the dog was terribly hungry. He decided to go look for something to eat. Just outside his house, there was a bridge. “I will go and look for food on the other side of the bridge. The food there is definitely better,” he thought to himself. He walked across the wooden bridge and started sniffing around for food. Suddenly, he spotted a bone lying at a distance. “Ah, I am in luck. This looks a delicious bone,” he said.
Without wasting any time, the hungry dog picked up the bone and was just about to eat it, when he thought, “Somebody might see here with this bone and then I will have to share it with them. So, I had better go home and eat it.” Holding the bone in his mouth, he ran towards his house.
While crossing the wooden bridge, the dog looked down into the river. There he saw his own reflection. The foolish dog mistook it for another dog. “There is another dog in the water with bone in its mouth,” he thought. Greedy, as he was, he thought, “How nice it would be to snatch that piece of bone as well. Then, I will have two bones.”
So, the greedy dog looked at his reflection and growled. The reflection growled back, too. This made the dog angry. He looked down at his reflection and barked, “Woof! Woof!” As he opened his mouth, the bone in his mouth fell into the river. It was only when the water splashed that the greedy dog realized that what he had seen was nothing but his own reflections and not another dog. But it was too late. He had lost the piece of bone because of his greed. Now he had to go hungry.
A) He was scared and so he ran away
B) He thought it would be even better if he could get the other dog’s food
C) He was content with is food so he didn’t give it much thought
D) None of the above

Question 8) What can be inferred to be the main flaw of the economy of the SE Asian countries that led to the financial crisis?
Direction: Read the given passage and answer the questions that follow.
Between June 1997 and January 1998, a financial crisis swept like a brush fire through the “tiger economies” of SE Asia. Over the previous decade the SE Asian states of Thailand, Malaysia, Singapore, Indonesia, Hong Kong, and South Korea, had registered some of the most impressive economic growth rates in the world. Their economies had expanded by 6% to 9% per annum compounded, as measured by the Gross Domestic Product. This Asian miracle, however, appeared to come to an abrupt end in late 1997 when in one country after another, local stock markets and currency markets imploded. When the dust started to settle in January 1998 the stock markets in many of these states had lost over 70% of their value, their currencies had depreciated against the US dollar by a similar amount, and the once proud leaders of these nations had been forced to go cap in hand to the International Monetary Fund (IMF) to beg for a massive financial assistance. The seeds of the 1997-98 Asian financial crisis were sown during the previous decade when these countries were experiencing unprecedented economic growth. Although there were and remain important differences between the individual countries, a number of elements were common too. Exports had long been the engine of economic growth in these countries. A combination of inexpensive and relatively well-educated labour, export oriented economies, falling barriers to international trade, and in some cases such as Malaysia, heavy inward investment by foreign companies, had combined during the previous quarter of a century to transform many Asian states into export powerhouses. The nature of these exports had also shifted in recent years from basic materials and products such as textiles to complex and increasingly high technology products, such as automobiles, semiconductors, and consumer electronics. The wealth created by export led growth helped to fuel an investment boom in commercial and residential property, industrial assets, and infrastructure. The value of commercial and residential real estate in cities such as Hong Kong and Bangkok started to soar. In turn, this fed a building boom the likes of which had never been seen before in Asia. Office and apartment building were going up all over the region. Heavy borrowing from banks financed much of this construction, but so long as the value of property continued to rise, the banks were more than happy to lend. As for industrial assets, the continued success of Asian exporters encouraged them to make ever bolder investments in industrial capacity. This was exemplified most clearly by South Korea’s giant diversified conglomerates, or chaebol, many of which had ambitions to build up a major position in the global automobile and semi-conductor industries. By early 1997 what was happening in the Korean semi-conductor industry and the Bangkok property market was being played out elsewhere in the region. Massive investments in industrial assets and property had created a situation of excess capacity and plunging prices while leaving the companies that had made the investments groaning under huge debt burdens that they were now finding difficult to service. To make matters worse, much of the borrowing to fund these investments had been in US dollars, as opposed to local currencies. At the time this had seemed like a smart move. Throughout the region, local currencies were pegged to the dollar, and interest rates on dollar borrowings were generally lower than rates on borrowings in domestic currency. Thus, it often made economic sense to borrow in dollars if the option was available. However, if the governments in the region could not maintain the dollar peg and their currencies started to depreciate against the dollar, this would increase the size of the debt burden that local companies would have to service when measured in the local currency. Currency depreciation, in other words, would raise borrowing costs and could result in companies defaulting on their debt payments.
A) Local banks refused to help and provide the assistance that helps in boosting the economy of a nation.
B) Foreign investments were the major drivers and the backbone of local economy.
C) The economy was driven by luxury items which made it inevitable that it would degrade soon.
D) American banks had paid excessive loans to the local economies which made it evident that they would crash soon.

Question 9) Which of the following was the most significant reason for increasing debts and failure of clearance of debts?
Direction: Read the given passage and answer the questions that follow.
Between June 1997 and January 1998, a financial crisis swept like a brush fire through the “tiger economies” of SE Asia. Over the previous decade the SE Asian states of Thailand, Malaysia, Singapore, Indonesia, Hong Kong, and South Korea, had registered some of the most impressive economic growth rates in the world. Their economies had expanded by 6% to 9% per annum compounded, as measured by the Gross Domestic Product. This Asian miracle, however, appeared to come to an abrupt end in late 1997 when in one country after another, local stock markets and currency markets imploded. When the dust started to settle in January 1998 the stock markets in many of these states had lost over 70% of their value, their currencies had depreciated against the US dollar by a similar amount, and the once proud leaders of these nations had been forced to go cap in hand to the International Monetary Fund (IMF) to beg for a massive financial assistance. The seeds of the 1997-98 Asian financial crisis were sown during the previous decade when these countries were experiencing unprecedented economic growth. Although there were and remain important differences between the individual countries, a number of elements were common too. Exports had long been the engine of economic growth in these countries. A combination of inexpensive and relatively well-educated labour, export oriented economies, falling barriers to international trade, and in some cases such as Malaysia, heavy inward investment by foreign companies, had combined during the previous quarter of a century to transform many Asian states into export powerhouses. The nature of these exports had also shifted in recent years from basic materials and products such as textiles to complex and increasingly high technology products, such as automobiles, semiconductors, and consumer electronics. The wealth created by export led growth helped to fuel an investment boom in commercial and residential property, industrial assets, and infrastructure. The value of commercial and residential real estate in cities such as Hong Kong and Bangkok started to soar. In turn, this fed a building boom the likes of which had never been seen before in Asia. Office and apartment building were going up all over the region. Heavy borrowing from banks financed much of this construction, but so long as the value of property continued to rise, the banks were more than happy to lend. As for industrial assets, the continued success of Asian exporters encouraged them to make ever bolder investments in industrial capacity. This was exemplified most clearly by South Korea’s giant diversified conglomerates, or chaebol, many of which had ambitions to build up a major position in the global automobile and semi-conductor industries. By early 1997 what was happening in the Korean semi-conductor industry and the Bangkok property market was being played out elsewhere in the region. Massive investments in industrial assets and property had created a situation of excess capacity and plunging prices while leaving the companies that had made the investments groaning under huge debt burdens that they were now finding difficult to service. To make matters worse, much of the borrowing to fund these investments had been in US dollars, as opposed to local currencies. At the time this had seemed like a smart move. Throughout the region, local currencies were pegged to the dollar, and interest rates on dollar borrowings were generally lower than rates on borrowings in domestic currency. Thus, it often made economic sense to borrow in dollars if the option was available. However, if the governments in the region could not maintain the dollar peg and their currencies started to depreciate against the dollar, this would increase the size of the debt burden that local companies would have to service when measured in the local currency. Currency depreciation, in other words, would raise borrowing costs and could result in companies defaulting on their debt payments.
A) Creation of a situation of excess capacity
B) Investing more in commercial assets
C) Currency depreciation
D) Huge amounts of money were lent by the banks

Question 10) What picture can we get about the financial condition of the Asian countries from the passage?
Direction: Read the given passage and answer the questions that follow.
Between June 1997 and January 1998, a financial crisis swept like a brush fire through the “tiger economies” of SE Asia. Over the previous decade the SE Asian states of Thailand, Malaysia, Singapore, Indonesia, Hong Kong, and South Korea, had registered some of the most impressive economic growth rates in the world. Their economies had expanded by 6% to 9% per annum compounded, as measured by the Gross Domestic Product. This Asian miracle, however, appeared to come to an abrupt end in late 1997 when in one country after another, local stock markets and currency markets imploded. When the dust started to settle in January 1998 the stock markets in many of these states had lost over 70% of their value, their currencies had depreciated against the US dollar by a similar amount, and the once proud leaders of these nations had been forced to go cap in hand to the International Monetary Fund (IMF) to beg for a massive financial assistance. The seeds of the 1997-98 Asian financial crisis were sown during the previous decade when these countries were experiencing unprecedented economic growth. Although there were and remain important differences between the individual countries, a number of elements were common too. Exports had long been the engine of economic growth in these countries. A combination of inexpensive and relatively well-educated labour, export oriented economies, falling barriers to international trade, and in some cases such as Malaysia, heavy inward investment by foreign companies, had combined during the previous quarter of a century to transform many Asian states into export powerhouses. The nature of these exports had also shifted in recent years from basic materials and products such as textiles to complex and increasingly high technology products, such as automobiles, semiconductors, and consumer electronics. The wealth created by export led growth helped to fuel an investment boom in commercial and residential property, industrial assets, and infrastructure. The value of commercial and residential real estate in cities such as Hong Kong and Bangkok started to soar. In turn, this fed a building boom the likes of which had never been seen before in Asia. Office and apartment building were going up all over the region. Heavy borrowing from banks financed much of this construction, but so long as the value of property continued to rise, the banks were more than happy to lend. As for industrial assets, the continued success of Asian exporters encouraged them to make ever bolder investments in industrial capacity. This was exemplified most clearly by South Korea’s giant diversified conglomerates, or chaebol, many of which had ambitions to build up a major position in the global automobile and semi-conductor industries. By early 1997 what was happening in the Korean semi-conductor industry and the Bangkok property market was being played out elsewhere in the region. Massive investments in industrial assets and property had created a situation of excess capacity and plunging prices while leaving the companies that had made the investments groaning under huge debt burdens that they were now finding difficult to service. To make matters worse, much of the borrowing to fund these investments had been in US dollars, as opposed to local currencies. At the time this had seemed like a smart move. Throughout the region, local currencies were pegged to the dollar, and interest rates on dollar borrowings were generally lower than rates on borrowings in domestic currency. Thus, it often made economic sense to borrow in dollars if the option was available. However, if the governments in the region could not maintain the dollar peg and their currencies started to depreciate against the dollar, this would increase the size of the debt burden that local companies would have to service when measured in the local currency. Currency depreciation, in other words, would raise borrowing costs and could result in companies defaulting on their debt payments.
A) The economy was unstable and it hit a big crisis deteriorating the condition further.
B) The economy was growing drastically but faced a major blow which shattered the whole status.
C) The economy was already in a low state and lower earnings exacerbated the financial situation.
D) The economy was in an unstable state and the crisis helped it to gain a stable footing.

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CBSE (UGC) NET Paper 1 Communication and Technology: Hindrances to Communication
Hindrances to Communication :
The hindrances in a communication process also takes place if the sender and receiver are not on the same “wavelength” It is consider when we talk about human communication as it is in radio transmission. In the terms of ‘jargon’ of communication, all hindrances whatever their nature are combined in a general label known as ‘noise’ it not only consists atmospheric or channel disturbance, but also cover all those hindrances that somehow degrade the essense of a communication process.

• Physical hindrances: There are majorily four core types of hindrances which are called as ‘physical hindrances’ in the communication process. These are stated below:
• The Competing Stimulus in the type of another conversation going on within hearing distance or loud music or traffic noise in the background.
• Environmental Stress: It consists high temperature and humidity, poor ventilation, vibrations felt, a strong glare, there all have the capacity to create distortions while sending and receiving messages or information.
• Subjective Stress: It consists Sleeplessness, ill health, the effects of drugs and mood fluctuations may give birth to around subjective 35 stress that in turn cause major difficulties in listening and interpretation.
• Ignorance of the Medium: The various different media used for the communication are: Oral, written, audio, visual and audio-visual. The use of a medium with which the receiver is not aware, In such case the medium become a hindrance.
• Psychological hindrances: Every person has certain ‘frame of reference’ it acts as a window with the help of which we look out at the world, at people and events and situations. A frame of reference is a systeM’which deals with standards and values, generally implicit, underlying and to some extent controlling aI! action, or the expression of arty belief, attitude or idea. No two individuals possess exactly similar frames of reference, even if they are identical twins. Upto a great extent our experiences, specially our childhood experiences and the cultural environment in which we have grown up, all have certain impacts on our frames of reference.
• Linguistics and Cultural hindrances: With the help of language we express our thoughts and experiences to other people in terms of their cultural environment. When the same language is made use of in a different culture, it takes an another colour, another meaning. Mechanical hindrances: Mechanical hindrances are those raised by the channels employed for interpersonal, group or mass communication. Channels become hindrance when the message is interfered with by some disturbance, which accelerates difficulty in reception or prevented some elements of the message reaching its destination or both.
• In case of lack of such communication facilities would cause mechanical hindrance. Such type of hindrance consists any disturbance, which interferes with the fidelity of the physical transmission of the written, intentional-unintentional and so on. One of the most general typology relates 0 the size of the social group or the number of people who shares the experience of communication. Such a typology ranges from the intrapersonal. Interpersonal and transpersonal to the group.

Information and Communication Technology: Communication Barriers & forms
Communication Barriers
Ineffective communication may cause errors, misunderstanding, poor performance, lower motivation and morale, negative atmosphere in the environment of the workplace and various other matters, that may detract from achieving organisational goals. It is very crucial to minimise and lower down the barriers to achieve effective communication: Communication barriers degrade or interrupt the message as well as the meaning.
Organizational Communication
Organizational communication is majorily done to influence, inform, control or inspire. Organisational communication is categorised into two broad systems of communication-formal or structured i.e.. Within the ‘systems’ established by management and another one is informal i.e.. When co-workers discuss regarding the company matters. Both the areas are very remarkable and both must be ‘healthy’ to ensure a healthy growth of an organisation.
Formal Communication Channels and Networks
Formal communication channels follow the organisational structure or hierarchy and flow in four directions:
The four forms of directions in which communication can travel are as follows: Downward; upward; lateral or horizontal and diagonal.

1) : Downward communication is a form of communication which flows from the higher levels of management to the lower levels, In this basically company’s goals, strategies or role expectations are communicated by the managers.
2) : Upward communication is a form of communication which flows from the lower levels of management to the higher levels in the organisation, for example generally it comprises communication regarding grievances, problems, results, suggestions or feedback.
3) : Horizontal communication is a form of communication which flows across the same level in an organisation, for example integration of activities with peers (teams, committees), dissemination of vital information from one department to another. It comprises sales forecasts from the sales department to production and problems such as a problem with product design from the production department to research and development. Horizontal communication provides a great ease in the interaction process in various areas of expertise and also induce innovation.
4) : Diagonal channels have the potential to create disputes as they comprise communication between the lower level of one department to a higher level in another. In the diagram above, this may cause friction between the employee in accounting department C and the Vice-President (VP) of Accounting as the employee has gone around his or her own superior. This form of communication may be useful as it simplify the desirable information and reaches to the Marketing Department and the VP Accounting does not need to be engaged in the whole process.

Formal communication is a communication which takes place within the hierarchy of the organisation and shows how groups of employees, for example those in a department, work together. Networking or mapping the flow of communication in an organisation can be a helpful device. Basically, fomal structure follows scalar chain. It can become easy to identify who is communicating with whom and whether the lines of communication are effective or whether there is a destructive conflict or tension arising from the communication channels, for example inappropriate diagonal communication.

Formal Communication: Problems and Solutions
Various communication problems arise because of the organisational framework. Dwyer stated three related organisational factors: Centralisation; the creation of too many organisational layers; and the structure of the organisation. Other factors may comprise downsizing which leads to ambiguous reporting structure and poor leadership. Many of these problems may be overcome by: Analysing the organisation structure and communication networks for barriers to effectiveness and efficiency ensuring downsizing is well planned and the ‘survivors’ i.e.. Those left in the organisation know the influence of the process on communication networks and procedures recruiting for competent communication, specially when recruiting for leadership roles.
Informal Communication
Informal communication is a part of an organisation and its inevitable, It exists outside the formal horizons of the organisational framework. A very common example is friendship groups. The informal communication fulfills majorily two core objectives: It allows employees to satisfy their desire for social interaction in the workplace and it can enhance an organisation’s task and work by creating alternative and a faster and more effective, channels of communication (Robbins et al. 2000).

Grapewine communication is one of the very common form of informal communication, Kreitner and Kinicki in the year 1995 defined the term grapevine is originated from the American Civil War practice of stringing battlefield telegraph lines between trees as a means of effective communication. Now a days in an organisation it complements the formal communication.

CBSE (UGC) NET Paper 1 Communication and Technology: Elements of Communication
Communication Elements
1) : The sender initiate the communication process with having an idea in his or her mind and begins the communication process by forming intentions and feelings that need be transferred. The sender is required to filter out the details that are uilcrucial and focus his or her energy on the most desirable information. The source or encoder makes the decision to integrate. The source also determines what the purpose of the message will be to inform, persuade or entertain. The communication process starts from the source. First, the source must encode or form a message. The information that the source wants to send must be put into a form that can be sent to the receiver.
2) : Message: The second most crucial element of the communication process is the message or the overall information which is being communicated. The source encodes an idea and then determines whether or not to inform, persuade, or entertain. After deciding what message to send, the source uses symbols to get the message across to others. These symbols stand for other things. The most crucial symbols are words, which can represent objects, ideas, and feelings. These words permit us to share our thoughts with other members of our species. To increase the likelihood of successful communication, the source must try to encode in a way that the receiver understands, so that the receiver can properly decode or interpret the message.
3) : Channel: Channels are the means namely pathways or devices by which messages are communicated. Channels may be described and analyzed in two different ways. The first involves the form in which messages are sent to receivers. Forms comprise both verbal and nonverbal channels of communication. We use our five senses to receive messages from others. Channels can be defined as the manner of presentation employed in communication. Depending on the situation, the source would focus on verbal and non verbal channels of communication. If the speaker is not in front of the audience his or her physical appearance wouldn’t matter, but if he or she is giving lectures in a classroom or before a live audience, personal appearance could easily influence the reception of the message. Whatever channels of communication are used, the source must learn to adapt the message to make use of the most appropriate channels available for the situation.
4) : Receiver or Decoder: The person who receive the message is known as the receiver. The act of interpreting messages is known as decoding. Receivers decode messages based on past experiences, perceptions, thoughts, and feelings. We first have a physiological reception of stimuli i.e.. a noise causes sound waves to hit our eardrum or a movement catches our eye. We must focus on both the verbal and non-verbal stimuli and reduce all the stimuli bombarding us to one or two we can cope with more easily. We must try to understand the stimuli and interpret them into messages i.e.. We decide that the noise is a telephone bell or that the movement is a friend waving to us around campus. At last, we store this information for later use so that next time we will be able to respond to the stimuli often more quickly. It is crucial to keep in mind that receivers make quick decisions about what they will respond to in a particular situation.
5) : Feedback: Feedback is also known as a reply or a revert is the most vital element of the entire communication process. Each party in an interaction continuously sends messages back to the other. This return process is known as feedback. Feedback shows the source how the receiver has interpreted each message: The feedback, which delivers lack of understanding is known as negative feedback. ‘Positive feedback, on the other hand, indicates that the receiver has understood the source’s message. It not all the times mean that he or she agrees with the source, just that the message was interpreted accurately. Feedback can also be ambiguous, not clearly positive or negative.’ See “and” mm-hmm” can be examples of ambiguous feedback i.e.. Confusion. The effective communicator is always sensitive to feedback and frequently changes his or her messages as per the feedback received.
6) : hindrances or Noise: The human communication system can be compared with a radio or telephone circuit. Just as in radio transmissions, where distortion can occur at any point along the channel, there can be similar hindrances in human communication. The source’s information may be unclear. Or the message can be ineffectively or inaccurately encoded. The wrong channel of communication may be used. The message may not be decoded the way it was encoded. At last, the receiver may not equipped to handle the decoded message in such a way as to produce the response or reply expected by the source. ‘hindrances’ are any obstacles or difficulties that come in the way of communication. They may be physical, mechanical, psychological, cultural or linguistic in nature. Also, then are the hindrances, raised by interpersonal relationships between individual and groups, the biasness of both individuals and groups and the channels they use to integrate or communicate.

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